(Ediţie din arhivă) Anul 14, nr. 4379. Joi, 05 Martie 2009
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Consiliul Naţional pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securităţii (CNSAS) cere instanţelor să constate calitatea de colaborator al fostei Securităţi pentru 26 de magistraţi şi pe cea de lucrător pentru trei magistraţi care încă îşi desfăşoară activitatea, deşi Codul etic al CSM permite suspendarea pe perioada verificărilor, a declarat Ladislau Csendes, preşedintele Colegiului CNSAS, la Realitatea FM. „Ar trebui ca nici un astfel de magistrat să nu profeseze în perioada în care i se clarifică situaţia pentru că s-ar putea ivi situaţii de incompatibilitate în judecarea cauzelor“, a adăugat preşedintele Colegiului CNSAS. Ladislau Csendes a declarat că suspendarea din funcţii a celor 29 de magistraţi ar fi un pas important, care ar ajuta CNSAS. El a mai spus că persoanele pentru care instanţa va da verdicte de colaboratori sau lucrători trebuie „trase la răspundere pentru fals în declaraţii“. „(...) Codul etic al CSM mi se pare că ar permite suspendarea lor pe perioada verificărilor. În acest caz, se pot crea şi situaţii paradoxale în instanţă. De exemplu, să fim judecaţi de judecători care au oarecum incompatibilitate cu judecarea acestor cazuri legate de CNSAS. Se poate ivi o situaţie în care noi, să zicem, suntem într-o anumită fază a verificărilor cu un judecător, iar respectivul să judece cazul altui judecător în instanţă“, a declarat Csendes.
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Gazeta de Sud nu este responsabilă juridic pentru conținutul comentariilor. Mesajele care conțin amenințări și cele vulgare, xenofobe sau rasiste nu sunt permise.
- de CETATEANUL LIBER:
Care este problema? Si AZI ca intotdeauna exista colaboratori cu securitatea (SRI). In toate statele lumii! Tradatori si hoti au fost intotdeauna. Ei erau turnati! - de dumitrache:Este interesant ca judecatorul Marin Ion de la Tribunalul Gorj este in activitate si folosit in continuare la sectia penala "la ordin".
- de marijuana cheresteaua:.........si nu numai d-le "2";in aceeasi postura se afla si daniela S.de la Jud.Cv.sotia taietorului padurii de la U.M.filiasi si mama a odraslei traficant de droguri si-i merge bine.
- de VT :M-ai provocat , nr. 3! Hai sa afcem o recapitulare 9 in termenii nostri , ai oamenilor simpli, as zice sa-l numim ...RECHIZITORIU!) Cazul Gorbunov -Gribenko - cei doi sunt apropiatii lui Berceanu , ginerele fostului parlamentar PSD -Nicolaescu , ex-patronul postului TV OLTENIA , impreuna cu samir spranceana , unde cei 2 patroni , au angajat pe o suma de aprox. 200- de euro , ca DIRECTOR si moderator al unei emisiuni , pe Mircea Cantar , sotiile lui Samir si Cantar - judecatoare la Curtea de Apel craiova , impreuna cu fina lui Sprinceana si , toate trei isi judecau sotii , una la cealalta , pentru a nu fi INCOMPATIBILITATE , a fost o perioad cand s-au facut cercetari amanuntiete de catre SM si ....totul s-a finalizat cu "o" !! Aflam ca Berceanu este cel care a platit eliberarea lui Gorbunov, ca ei au fost i penutenciarul de la Craiova , ca acelsi Bercanu are chiar in Brasov ,inrudit cu ceea ce s- a intamplat , casa de amanet , ca cele doua magistrate , atentie , SUNT LA CEA MAI INALTA INSTANTA din tara asta , bineinteles , promovate , la ICCJ , ce mai vreti , d-le "Radical" ??!!
- de ics:Si ce vrei sa spui VT ? Nu cumva sugerezi că justiţia nu şi-ar face datoria ? Aţi sărit toţi acuma să arătaţi cu degetul ?
- de Dan RO-tariu:Si daca au fost colaboratori sau lucratori ai securitatii ce rau au facut? Dar CIA-ul care a haitut si haituieste opozantii politici facand politie politica si in prezent ... de ce nu face aceasta vanatoare de vrajitoare? A ajuns "romanul" Csendes sa-mi trimita trei coli acasa ca m-a verificat CNSAS-ul ca CNSAS adevereste, referindu-se la mine, ca: "nu i se poate atribui calitatea de lucrator/colaborator al Securitatii". Asa si? Daca as fi avut informatii de exemplu ca Pacepa vrea sa tradeze Romania si as fi comunicat asta Securitatii ar fi insemnat nu ca sunt patriot ci sunt coalborator? Adica atunci sau acum nu sunt tradatori? Nu trebuie sa colaboram cu serviciul de informatii pentru ca vom fi acuzati de colaborationism? In primul rand ne aparam tara si apoi ne batem politic intre noi.
- de Politie POLITICA:Securitatea nu era doar un serviciu de informatii secrete, ci o politie politica. Gestapo, KGB. Au facut raul de a ancheta cetateni pentru vederile lor POLITICE, nu doar pentru tradare de ex.. In America nu ai decat sa-ti scrii pe haine ca esti impotriva lui Bush sau Obama ca nu vine C.I.A. sa te aresteze. Daca inainte de '89 scriai pe haine ca esti impotriva lui Ceausescu sigur ajungeai dupa gratii.
- de Darius:inca ma aflu undeva intre ideile lui Pavel Codrut si datele oficiale de acum, dar cu siguranta un om care a colaborat cu securitatea poate fi la fel de bine si patriot dar si turnator de meserie. si acum la noi au venit niste oameni si au incercat sa-i puna intrebari lui iliescu, au fost restati. din pacate se pare ca aceste legi sunt unealta de manevra, cum un judecator nu face "ce trebuie" cum i se da cu dosarul in fata. si stiti bine ca oricine facea studii superioare inainte de 89 era in vizorul securitatii. ura pentru securitate ii face pe oameni sa aprobe manevrele politice de la centru. se analizeaza aceste dosare, dar nimeni nu zice nimic de abuzurile care s-au facut in cazul resurselor naturale, totusi oamenii accepta asta..
- de Dan RO-tariu:Eu nu stiu nisi prea bin e, nici prea rau cum ca cei care faceau facultati inainte de 1989 erau urmariti. Aveti o informatie clara pe care o pot verifica din 3 surse? Va impartasesc ca atat bunicii dinspre mama, cat si parintii mei cat si eu nu ne-am simtit deloc urmariti, totusi as dori sa aflu. Va rog trei surse!
- de Prof. univ. securist:Pai orice amarat de student era monitorizat de securistii din invatamantul universitar.
- de Dan RO-tariu:Serios? Oricine e sau a fost student stie cat de apropiat e studentul de profesor = deloc. Discuta fata in fata doar in sesiune, la examen. Si atunci de unde informatii? O sa vii sa ne spui ca le citeau gandurile profii studentilor?! Daca asta e o informatie din trei surse ... atunci ne-am inteles perfect!
- de alegatoru:bleah!
- de Alin:Pentru multi ar fi inimaginabil ce politie politica,represiune, torturi,crime si alte atrocitati au la activ CIA sau FBI , simboluri ale "democratiei" americane...
- de RRomanul ptriHHotz:Aline, poate ne enumeri si noua cateva atrocitati comise de CIA si FBI contra cetatenilor americani? Dupa cum stim Securitatea a comis atrocitati numai contra cetatenilor romani ca de aia straini ii tremurau chilotii pe ea.
- de RRomanul patriHHotz:Securitatea a fost organizatie paramilitara a PCR. Scopul ei nu a fost de a apara natiunea romana contra celor din exterior ci de a mentine PCR la putere prin teroare. Tinta securitatii a fost cetateanul roman care refuza sa poarte la gat zgarda comunista. In 89 securitatea s-a debarasat de PCR , ne-a taiat zgarda de la gat si a trecut la jaf economic. Momentan se mentine la putere prin puterea banului pe care l-a obtinut prin devalizari de banci, inginerii financiare, privatizari frauduloase etc. Securitatea a fost copilul PCR si si-a lichidat cu sange rece parintele. Daca in 89 atat PCR cat si avortonul numit Securitate ar fi fost lichidate alta ar fi fost situatia acum. Vinovate de succesul securitatii in perioada de dupa 89 sunt si asa zisele partide istorice care de dragul ciolanului nu au ezitat sa racoleze securisti.
- de to`arashul Matrics:pacaliciul de bugetar iar se baga in seama?!!! mecla, vezi ca bancherii matale vor un al doilea bailout! iar bancherii lu maimutika vor sa dea statul german in judecata ca nu le mai plateste bonusurile.... moooaaaam ce inkorekt politic sint!!!
- de to`arashul Matrics:iti raspunde moi ca Alin e plecat cu curca-n creci oleaca: Guantanamo, lagarele FEMA au inceput sa apara la FAUX News, iar Cocaine Import Agency tocmai ce a "pierdut" 900 BENZI VIDEO la ancheta asupra torturilor..... ba jigodie pentagonala!!! Tu nu vezi ca ai nimerit prost aici?!!! Cu cit incerci sa dai cu tesla-n romani cu atit de lovesti singur la gioale!!!! Mai vrei? Mai am ba comunistule!!! ... imputit!!! Ca mai sint si comunisti de treaba! :)
- de Dan RO-tariu:Din cele mai vechi timpuri au functionat servicii secrete. Inainte de Securitate a functionat Siguranta care haitua comunsitii si apara PUTEREA si MONARHIA bagand la zdup torturand pe comunisti, membri PCR. La 23 august 1944 Siguranta nu a fost desfiintata, iar la infiintarea Securitatii in 1948 oamenii din Siguranta si structurile au fost preluate, adica cam ceea ce s-a intamplat dupa 1989. Mai mult si mai corect, in cifre gasiti la adresa http://www.crimeleco munismului.ro/pdf/ro /publicatii/aparatul _de_securitate.pdf Atentie insa ca daca dati la o parte propaganda anti-comunista o sa gasiti date reale, cred, si puteti sa vedeti ca exact cum erau platiti securistii in 1948 se intampla astazi si va atrag atentia si asupra faptului ca in 1989 nu mai erau valabile salariile din 1989, fapt pentru care nici nu le-au mai aratat anti-comunsitii ci doar le-au amintit defaimator ca fiind supra dimensionate ... dar nu lepau precizat concret ca sa nu se auto-contrazica. Acum CIA si FBI au actionat la Guantanamo si Abu Graib. Eu nu cred ca un angajatul unui stat democratic si a unei agentii fie CIA sau fie FBI trebuie sa supuna la umilinte un dusman dezbracandu-l si urinand pe le sau pe carte lui de rugaciuni. Si mai cred ca drepturile omului nu trebuiesc respecatte functie de cetatenie, culoare sau sex sau marimea urechilor. Iar cand o organizatie care nu respecta drepturile omului insemana ca nu respecta nici unde drepturile lui. CIA si FBI au haituit cetatenii sai si alte personalitati. O sa dau doua exemple marele sahist Robert Fisher care a si scuipat pe un ordin al SUA de a nu participa la competitii in si cu echipe din Iugoslavia ... ca tot se implinesc 10 ani de la inceperea bombardamentelor in Iugoslavia de catre criminalii lumii SUA. Preiau de pe Wiki " He became more reclusive and played no more competitive chess until 1992, when he won a rematch against Spassky. The competition was held in Yugoslavia, which was then under a strict United Nations embargo. This led to a conflict with the US government, and he never returned to his native country. In his later years, Fischer lived in Hungary, Germany, the Philippines, and Japan. During this time he made increasingly anti-American and anti-Semitic statements. During the 2004–2005 time period, after his U.S. passport was revoked, he was detained by Japanese authorities for nine months under threat of extradition. After Iceland granted him citizenship, the Japanese authorities released him to that country, where he lived until his death in 2008." apoi aduc in atentia nosatra cazul lui Charlie Chaplin caruia nu i s-a mai permis revederea copiilor sai din in SUA, in timp ce exportau filemele lui Charlie Chaplin in toata lumea cu marca SUA. Unii mai noi prin SUA nu au auzit si de"During this time many thousands of Americans were accused of being Communists or communist sympathizers and became the subject of aggressive investigations and questioning before government or private-industry panels, committee
- de RRomanul patriHHotz:toarashe, iar sunteti nervos ca de obicei. folositi o vaca ca sa va calmati. deci reforumulez intrebarea ca observ ca bateti campii ca de obicei tovarashe balegarist: cati cetateni americani onesti a terorizat/terminat CIA si FBI pentru ca s-au opus celor doua partide existente? aia care omoara civili in numele lui Allah sau fac trafic de droguri nu sunt cetateni onesti.
- de Dan RO-tariu:Acu se face ca nu stie sa citeasca: Bobby Fisher a fost nascut crescut si cu pasaport . a mai fost si jidan. Dar un jidan de tot respectul cum exista multi care nu accepta poltici de expansiune sau capitalismul. In timpul celui de-al doilea razboi mondial sute de mii de galbeni au fost "internati" in lagare de tip nazist, tot de CIA si FBI si au fost inchisi si erau cetateni americani. Ca nu stie e una ca nu uita sa se iexprime acest savant e alta, ca e marlan cu cine nu e de acord cu prostiile care le scrie e cu totul alta. Sa reiau ceea ce se intampla in SUA tot de pe wiki "During this time many thousands of Americans were accused of being Communists or communist sympathizers and became the subject of aggressive investigations and questioning before government or private-industry panels, committees and agencies. The primary targets of such suspicions were government employees, those in the entertainment industry, educators and union activists. Suspicions were often given credence despite inconclusive or questionable evidence, and the level of threat posed by a person's real or supposed leftist associations or beliefs was often greatly exaggerated. Many people suffered loss of employment, destruction of their careers, and even imprisonment. Most of these punishments came about through trial verdicts later overturned, laws that would be declared unconstitutional, dismissals for reasons later declared illegal or actionable, or extra-legal procedures that would come into general disrepute. The most famous examples of McCarthyism include the speeches, investigations, and hearings of Senator McCarthy himself; the Hollywood blacklist, associated with hearings conducted by the House Committee on Un-American Activities; and the various anti-communist activities of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) under Director J. Edgar Hoover. McCarthyism was a widespread social and cultural phenomenon that affected all levels of society and was the source of a great deal of debate and conflict in the United States." Si totul a fost imachetat pe Wiki in diplomatie: a afectat toate nivelel societatii. Asta e liberateta de expresie americana, daca oamenii doreau sa schimbe sistemul ... erau decalrati anti-americani. Nice try!
- de to`arashul Matrics:iar da mitza la intors cu mine.... si nu reuseste decit sa-si deserveasca stapinii pentru ca voi repeta cit de criminali sint americanii ori de cite ori debiteaza el cite o perla: Project Paperclip- in care , de la nazisti pina la japonezii de la Unit 731 au "emigrat" legal in USA.... pina la Ministerul Apararii si NASA! ProjecT MindKontrol Ultra in care CIA rapea cetatenii americani DE PE TERITORIUL AMERICII pentru a-i supune la experimente secrete -EXISTA ANCHETA OFICIALA A SENATULUI USA bai napirlitule! Tortura de la Abu Ghraib, Gunatanamo si pina la "tratamentul special" de care beneficiaza orice detinut-arestat de la oficialii americani nici nu mai poate fi negat de cit a sarit r.a.h.a.t.u.l. pe ventilator.... Georgel a avut tupeul sa declare ca a facut-o in interese nationale.... de parca io l-as tortura pe patrihotz si sa vedeti ce comunist convins devine!!!! Mai vrei? Mai am!!! :):):)
- de Dan RO-tariu:Luati politie politica de aici sa vedeti ce s-a intamplat si dincolo, in tabara cealalta. Ca unii nu vor sa stie e una, ca nu vor sa se informeze e alta, insa cata minciuna ne arunca pe aici?! Iar de pe Wiki in ciuda aplaudacilor SUA si a metodelor FBI si CIA. The Hollywood blacklist—more precisely the entertainment industry blacklist, into which it expanded—was the mid-twentieth-centur y list of screenwriters, actors, directors, musicians, and other U.S. entertainment professionals who were denied employment in the field because of their political beliefs or associations, real or suspected. Artists were barred from work on the basis of their alleged membership in or sympathy toward the American Communist Party, involvement in liberal or humanitarian political causes that enforcers of the blacklist associated with communism, and/or refusal to assist federal investigations into Communist Party activities; some were blacklisted merely because their names came up at the wrong place and time. Even during the period of its strictest enforcement, the late 1940s through the late 1950s, the blacklist was rarely made explicit and verifiable, but it caused direct damage to the careers of scores of American artists, often made betrayal of friendship (not to mention principle) the price for a livelihood, and promoted ideological censorship across the entire industry.The first systematic Hollywood blacklist was instituted on November 25, 1947, the day after ten writers and directors were cited for contempt of Congress for refusing to give testimony to the House Committee on Un-American Activities. A group of studio executives, acting under the aegis of the Motion Picture Association of America, announced the firing of the artists—the so-called Hollywood Ten—in what has become known as the Waldorf Statement. On June 22, 1950, a pamphlet called Red Channels appeared, naming 151 entertainment industry professionals in the context of "Red Fascists and their sympathizers"; soon most of those named, along with a host of other artists, were barred from employment in much of the entertainment field. The blacklist was effectively broken in 1960 when Dalton Trumbo, an unrepentant member of the Hollywood Ten, was publicly acknowledged as the screenwriter of the films Spartacus and Exodus. A number of those blacklisted, however, were still barred from work in their professions for years afterward. The blacklist begins (1947) The Hollywood blacklist is rooted in events of the 1930s and the early 1940s, encompassing the height of the Great Depression and World War II. During this era, long before the horrors of Soviet premier Joseph Stalin's rule became common knowledge in the West, the American Communist Party attracted a large number of followers, many of them young idealists in the field of arts and entertainment. While the party lost substantial support in the U.S. after the Moscow show trials of 1936–38 and the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of 1939, the subsequent wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union brought the party new credibility. During the war, membership in the American Communist Party reached a peak of 50,000.The 1947 HUAC hearings in session. On the right, committee chairman J. Parnell Thomas administers the oath; 34-year-old congressman Richard Nixon is seated immediately to Thomas's left. Perceptions changed soon after the end of World War II, with communism increasingly becoming a focus of American fears and hatred. The "Second Red Scare" was spurred both by reports of Soviet repression in Eastern and Central Europe in the war's aftermath and the growth of conservative political influence in the U.S. following the Republican triumph in the 1946 Congressional elections, which saw the party take control of both the House and Senate. In October 1947, a number of persons working in the Hollywood film industry were summoned to appear before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), which had declared its intention to investigate whether Communist agents or sympathizers had been surreptitiously planting propaganda in U.S. films.This group of American movie professionals—prim arily screenwriters, but actors, directors, producers, and others as well—were either known or alleged to have been members of the American Communist Party. Several leading Hollywood figures, including director John Huston and actors Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall, organized the Committee for the First Amendment and flew to Washington to protest the government targeting of their industry. Of the forty-three people put on the HUAC witness list, a total of nineteen declared that they would not give evidence. Eleven of these nineteen were called before the committee. Of the eleven "unfriendly witnesses", one, émigré playwright Bertolt Brecht, ultimately chose to answer the committee's questions. The other ten refused, citing their First Amendment rights to freedom of speech and assembly. The crucial question they refused to answer is now generally rendered as "Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party?" Such membership was not and had never been illegal. In fact, each had at one time or another been a member; most still were, while a few had been in the past and only briefly. These ten were formally accused of contempt of Congress and proceedings against them began in the full House of Representatives. In light of the "Hollywood Ten"'s defiance of HUAC—in addition to refusing to testify, many had attempted to read statements decrying the committee's investigation as unconstitutional—p olitical pressure mounted on the film industry to demonstrate its "anti-subversive" bona fides. In October, with the hearings still under way, Eric Johnston, president of the Motion Picture Association of America, declared that he would never "employ any proven or admitted Communist because they are just a disruptive force and I don't want them around." Several Hollywood professionals, including Ronald Reagan, then head of the Screen Actors Guild, and Walt Disney, testified to HUAC that the threat of Communists in the film industry was a serious one. Actor Adolphe Menjou declared, "I am a witch hunter if the witches are Communists. I am a Red-baiter. I would like to see them all back in Russia."On November 17, 1947, the Screen Actors Guild voted to make its officers swear to a non-Communist pledge. The following week, on November 24, 1947, the House of Representatives voted 346 to 17 to approve citations against the Hollywood Ten for contempt of Congress. The next day, following a meeting of film industry executives at New York's Waldorf-Astoria hotel, MPAA president Johnston issued a press release on the executives' behalf that is today referred to as the Waldorf Statement. The statement declared that the ten would be fired or suspended without pay and not reemployed until they were cleared of contempt charges and had sworn that they were not Communists. The first Hollywood blacklist was now in effect. The list grows (1948–50) The HUAC hearings had failed to turn up any evidence that Hollywood was secretly disseminating Communist propaganda, but the industry was nonetheless transformed. The fallout from the inquiry was a factor in the decision by Floyd Odlum, the primary owner of RKO Pictures, to get out of the business. As a result, the studio would pass into the hands of Howard Hughes; within weeks of taking over in May 1948, Hughes fired most of RKO's employees and virtually shut the studio down for half a year as he had the political sympathies of the rest investigated. Then, just as RKO swung back into production, Hughes made the decision to settle a long-standing federal antitrust suit against the industry's Big Five studios. This would be one of the crucial steps in the collapse of the studio system that had governed Hollywood, and ruled much of world cinema, for a quarter-century.In early 1948, as well, all of the Hollywood Ten were convicted of contempt. Following a series of unsuccessful appeals, the cases arrived before the Supreme Court; among the submissions filed in defense of the ten was an amicus curiae brief signed by 204 Hollywood professionals. After the court denied review, the Hollywood Ten began serving one-year prison sentences in 1950. In September 1950, one of the ten, director Edward Dmytryk, publicly announced that he had once been a Communist and was prepared to give evidence against others who had been as well. He was released early from jail; following his 1951 HUAC appearance, in which he described his brief membership in the party and named names, his career recovered. The others remained silent and most were unable to obtain work in the American film and television industry for many years. Adrian Scott, who had produced four of Dmytryk's films—Murder, My Sweet; Cornered; So Well Remembered; and Crossfire—was one of those named by his former friend. Scott's next screen credit would not come until 1972 and he would never produce another feature film. Some of those blacklisted continued to write for Hollywood or the broadcasting industry surreptitiously, using pseudonyms or the names of friends who posed as the actual writers (those who allowed their names to be used in this fashion were called "fronts"). Of the 204 who signed the amicus brief, 84 would be blacklisted themselves. There was a more general chilling effect: Humphrey Bogart, who had been one of the most prominent members of the Committee for the First Amendment, felt compelled to write an article for Photoplay magazine denying he was a Communist sympathizer. The May 7, 1948, issue of the Counterattack newsletter warned readers about a radio talk show that had recently expanded its audience by moving from the Mutual network to ABC: "Communist Party members and fellow-travelers have often been guests on Arthur Gaeth's program." A number of nongovernmental organizations participated in enforcing and expanding the blacklist; in particular, the American Legion, the conservative war veterans' group, was instrumental in pressuring the entertainment industry to exclude those of political sympathies it disagreed with. In 1949, the Americanism Division of the Legion issued its own blacklist—a roster of 128 people whom it claimed were participants in the "Communist Conspiracy." Among the names on the Legion's list was that of well-known playwright Lillian Hellman. Hellman had written or contributed to the screenplays of approximately ten motion pictures up to that point; she would not be employed again by a Hollywood studio until 1966. Another influential group was American Business Consultants Inc., founded in 1947. In the subscription information for its weekly publication Counterattack, "The Newsletter of Facts to Combat Communism", it declared that it was run by "a group of former FBI men. It has no affiliation whatsoever with any government agency." Notwithstanding that claim, it seems the editors of Counterattack had direct access to the files of both the Federal Bureau of Investigation and HUAC; the results of that access became widely apparent with the June 1950 publication of Red Channels. This Counterattack spinoff listed 151 people in entertainment and broadcast journalism, along with records of their involvement in what the pamphlet meant to be taken as Communist or pro-Communist activities. A few of those named, such as Hellman, were already being denied employment in the motion picture, TV, and radio fields; the publication of Red Channels meant that scores more would be placed on the blacklist. That year, CBS instituted a loyalty oath which it required of all its employees. HUAC returns (1951–52) In 1951, with the U.S. Congress now under Democratic control, HUAC launched a second investigation of Hollywood and Communism. As actor Larry Parks said when called before the panel, Don't present me with the choice of either being in contempt of this committee and going to jail or forcing me to really crawl through the mud to be an informer. For what purpose? I don't think it is a choice at all. I don't think this is really sportsmanlike. I don't think this is American. I don't think this is American justice. Parks ultimately testified, becoming however reluctantly, a "friendly witness", and found himself blacklisted, nonetheless.In fact, the legal tactics of those refusing to testify had changed by this time; instead of relying on the First Amendment, they invoked the Fifth Amendment's shield against self-incrimination (though, as before, Communist Party membership was not illegal). While this usually allowed a witness to avoid "naming names" without being indicted for contempt of Congress, "taking the Fifth" before HUAC guaranteed that one would be added to the industry blacklist. Historians at times distinguish between the relatively official blacklist—the names of those who (a) were called by HUAC and, in whatever manner, refused to cooperate and/or (b) were identified as Communists in the hearings—and the so-called graylist—those others who were denied work because of their political or personal affiliations, real or imagined; the consequences, however, were largely the same. The graylist also refers more specifically to those who were denied work by the major studios but could still find jobs on Poverty Row: Composer Elmer Bernstein, for instance, was called by HUAC when it was discovered that he had written some music reviews for a Communist newspaper. After he refused to name names, pointing out that he had never attended a Communist Party meeting, he found himself composing music for movies such as Cat Women of the Moon. Director Jules Dassin was briefly a Communist, leaving the party in 1939. He was immediately blacklisted after Edward Dmytryk and fellow filmmaker Frank Tuttle named him to HUAC in 1952. Like many other blacklistees, Dassin left for Europe to seek work. Like Parks and Dmytryk, others also named names to the committee. Some friendly witnesses gave broadly damaging testimony with less apparent reluctance, most prominently director Elia Kazan and screenwriter Budd Schulberg. Their cooperation in describing the political leanings of their friends and professional associates effectively brought a halt to dozens of careers and compelled a number of artists to depart for Mexico or Europe. Scholar Thomas Doherty describes how the HUAC hearings swept onto the blacklist those who had never even been particularly active politically, let alone suspected of being Communists: On March 21, 1951, the name of the actor Lionel Stander was uttered by the actor Larry Parks during testimony before HUAC. "Do you know Lionel Stander?" committee counsel Frank S. Tavenner inquired. Parks replied he knew the man, but had no knowledge of his political affiliations. No more was said about Stander either by Parks or the committee—no accusation, no insinuation. Yet Stander's phone stopped ringing. Prior to Parks's testimony, Stander had worked on ten television shows in the previous 100 days. Afterwards, nothing.When Stander was himself called before HUAC, he began by pledging his full support in the fight against "subversive" activities:I know of a group of fanatics who are desperately trying to undermine the Constitution of the United States by depriving artists and others of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness without due process of law.... I can tell names and cite instances and I am one of the first victims of it.... This is a group of ex-Fascists and America-Firsters and anti-Semites, people who hate everybody including Negroes, minority groups and most likely themselves.... These people are engaged in a conspiracy outside all the legal processes to undermine the very fundamental American concepts upon which our entire system of democracy exists. Stander was clearly speaking of the committee itself. The HUAC investigation also effectively destroyed families. Screenwriter Richard Collins, after a brief period on the blacklist, became a friendly witness and dumped his wife, actress Dorothy Comingore, who refused to name names. Divorcing Comingore, Collins took the couple's young son, as well. The family's story was later dramatized in the film Guilty by Suspicion (1991), in which the character based on Comingore "commits suicide rather than endure a long mental collapse." In real life, Comingore succumbed to alcoholism and died of a pulmonary disease at the age of fifty-eight. In the description of historians Paul Buhle and David Wagner, "premature strokes and heart attacks were fairly common among blacklistees, along with heavy drinking as a form of suicide on the installment plan." For all that, evidence that Communists were actually using Hollywood films as vehicles for subversion remained hard to come by. Schulberg reported that the manuscript of his novel What Makes Sammy Run? (later a screenplay, as well) had been subject to an ideological critique by Hollywood Ten writer John Howard Lawson, whose comments he had solicited. The significance of such interactions was questionable. As historian Gerald Horne describes, many Hollywood screenwriters had joined or associated with the local Communist Party chapter because it "offered a collective to a profession that was enmeshed in tremendous isolation at the typewriter. Their 'Writers' Clinic' had 'an informal "board" of respected screenwriters'—in cluding Lawson and Ring Lardner Jr.—'who read and commented upon any screenplay submitted to them. Although their criticism could be plentiful, stinging, and (sometimes) politically dogmatic, the author was entirely free to accept it or reject it as he or she pleased without incurring the slightest "consequence" or sanction." Much of the onscreen evidence of Communist influence uncovered by HUAC was feeble at best. One witness remembered Stander, while performing in a film, whistling the left-wing "Internationale" as his character waited for an elevator. "Another noted that screenwriter Lester Cole had inserted lines from a famous pro-Loyalist speech by La Pasionaria about it being 'better to die on your feet than to live on your knees' into a pep talk delivered by a football coach." The blacklist at its height (1952–56) In 1952, the Screen Writers Guild—which had been founded two decades before by three ****re members of the Hollywood Ten—authorized the movie studios to "omit from the screen" the names of any individuals who had failed to clear themselves before Congress. Writer Dalton Trumbo, for instance, one of the Hollywood Ten and still very much on the blacklist, had received screen credit in 1950 for writing, years earlier, the story on which the screenplay of Columbia Pictures' Emergency Wedding was based. There would be no more of that until the 1960s. The name of Albert Maltz, who had written the original screenplay for The Robe in the mid-1940s, was nowhere to be seen when the movie was released in 1953. As William O'Neill describes, pressure was maintained even on those who had ostensibly "cleared" themselves: On December 27, 1952, the American Legion announced that it disapproved of a new film, Moulin Rouge, starring José Ferrer, who used to be no more progressive than hundreds of other actors and had already been grilled by HUAC. The picture itself was based on the life of Toulouse-Lautrec and was totally apolitical. Nine members of the Legion had picketed it anyway, giving rise to the controversy. By this time people were not taking any chances. Ferrer immediately wired the Legion's national commander that he would be glad to join the veterans in their "fight against communism." The group's efforts dragged many others onto the blacklist: In 1954, "sreenwriter Louis Pollock, a man without any known political views or associations, suddenly had his career yanked out from under him because the American Legion confused him with Louis Pollack, a California clothier, who had refused to cooperate with HUAC." During this same period, a number of influential newspaper columnists covering the entertainment industry, including Walter Winchell, Hedda Hopper, Victor Riesel, Jack O'Brian, and George Sokolsky, regularly offered up names with the suggestion that they should be added to the blacklist. The first Hollywood movie to overtly take on McCarthyism, Storm Center appeared in 1956. Bette Davis "plays a small-town librarian who refuses, on principle, to remove a book called 'The Communist Dream' from the shelves when the local council deems it subversive." The Hollywood blacklist had long gone hand in hand with the Red-baiting activities of J. Edgar Hoover's FBI. Adversaries of HUAC such as lawyer Bartley Crum, who defended some of the Hollywood Ten in front of the committee in 1947, were labeled as Communist sympathizers or subversives and targeted for investigation themselves. Throughout the 1950s, the FBI tapped Crum's phones, opened his mail, and placed him under continuous surveillance. As a result, he lost most of his clients and, unable to cope with the stress of ceaseless harassment, committed suicide in 1959. The struggles attending the blacklist were played out metaphorically on the big screen in various ways. "Carl Foreman, who had refused to testify before the committee, wrote the western High Noon (1952), in which a town marshal (ironically played by friendly witness Gary Cooper...) finds himself deserted by the good citizens of Hadleyville (for which read Hollywood) when a gang of outlaws who had terrorized the town several years earlier (for which read HUAC) returns." Cooper's lawman cleaned up Hadleyville, but Foreman was forced to leave for Europe to find work. Even more famously, Kazan and Schulberg collaborated on a movie widely seen as justifying their decision to name names. On the Waterfront (1954) became one of the most honored films in Hollywood history, winning eight Academy Awards, including Oscars for Best Film, Kazan's direction, and Schulberg's screenplay. While the film is still admired, its political subtext is now generally seen as a weak point; the Time Out Film Guide, for instance, argues that it is "undermined" by its "embarrassing special pleading on behalf of informers." After his release from prison, Herbert Biberman of the Hollywood Ten directed Salt of the Earth, working independently in New Mexico with fellow blacklisted Hollywood professionals—prod ucer Paul Jarrico, writer Michael Wilson, and actors Rosaura Revueltas and Will Geer. The film, concerning a strike by Mexican-American mine workers, was denounced as Communist propaganda when it was completed in 1953. Distributors boycotted it, newspapers and radio stations rejected advertisements for it, and the projectionists' union refused to run it. Nationwide in 1954, only around a dozen theaters exhibited it. Breaking the blacklist (1957–present) A key figure in bringing an end to blacklisting was John Henry Faulk. Host of an afternoon comedy radio show, Faulk was a leftist active in his union, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. He was scrutinized by AWARE, one of the private firms that examined individuals for signs of Communist sympathies and "disloyalty." Marked by the group as unfit, he was fired by CBS Radio. Almost uniquely among the many victims of blacklisting, Faulk decided to sue AWARE in 1957. Though the case would drag through the courts for years, the suit itself was an important symbol of the building resistance to the blacklist. The initial cracks in the entertainment industry blacklist were evident on television, specifically at CBS. In 1957, blacklisted actor Norman Lloyd was hired by Alfred Hitchcock as an associate producer for his anthology series Alfred Hitchcock Presents, then entering its third season on the network. On November 30, 1958, a live CBS production of Wonderful Town, based on short stories written by then-Communist Ruth McKenney, appeared with the proper writing credit of blacklisted Edward Chodorov, along with his literary partner, Joseph Fields. The following year, actress Betty Hutton insisted that blacklisted composer Jerry Fielding be hired as musical director for her new series, also on CBS. The first main break in the Hollywood blacklist followed soon after: on January 20, 1960, director Otto Preminger publicly announced that Dalton Trumbo, one of the best known members of the Hollywood Ten, was the screenwriter of his forthcoming film Exodus. Six-and-a-half months later, with Exodus still to debut, the New York Times announced that Universal Pictures would give Trumbo screen credit for his role as writer on Spartacus, a decision star Kirk Douglas is now recognized as largely responsible for. On October 6, Spartacus premiered—the first movie to bear Trumbo's name since he had received story credit on Emergency Wedding in 1950. Since 1947, he had written or cowritten approximately seventeen motion pictures without credit. Exodus followed in December, also bearing Trumbo's name. The blacklist was now clearly coming to an end, but its effects would reverberate for years to come. John Henry Faulk finally won his lawsuit in 1962. With this court decision, the private blacklisters and those who used them were put on notice that they were legally liable for the professional and financial damage they caused. This helped to bring an end to publications such as Counterattack. Like Adrian Scott and Lillian Hellman, however, a number of those on the blacklist remained there for an extended period—Lionel Stander, for instance, could not find work in Hollywood until 1965. Some of those who named names, like Kazan and Schulberg, argued for years after that they had made an ethically proper decision. Others, like actor Lee J. Cobb and director Michael Gordon, who gave friendly testimony to HUAC after suffering on the blacklist for a time, "conceded with remorse that their plan was to name their way back to work." And there were those more gravely haunted by the choice they had made. In 1963, actor Sterling Hayden declared, I was a rat, a stoolie, and the names I named of those close friends were blacklisted and deprived of their livelihood. Scholars Paul Buhle and Dave Wagner state that Hayden "was widely believed to have drunk himself into a near-suicidal depression decades before his 1986 death." As late as 2000, the Writers Guild was still pursuing the correction of screen credits from movies of the 1950s and early 1960s to properly reflect the work of blacklisted writers such as Carl Foreman and Hugo Butler.
- de to`arashul Matrics:ce faci mecla, nu vrei sa ne mai jucam ?!!! De Masacrul de la Waco ce zici? Ai vazut filmul? Ai vazut cum intra pe fereastra doi agenti BATF iar al treilea introduce mina cu arma si trage o rafala in ei sa justifice masacrul? Stii cine era la comanda? Col. Wesley Clark! Da mai, ala de a devenit generalissimo dupa Massacrul de la Fallujah! De Masacrul de la Al Sadr nu stim nimic, nu-i asa? Apropos de masacre... americane: Ploiesti? DRESDA?!!! Lagarelele de exterminare ale lui Eisenhower? Nu-ti clipeste nimic prin tartacuta inginerasule? De planul Morgenthau de exterminare a nemtilor si de castrare a celor scapati, nimic nimic? Dar daca ai tacut tu malc la bailoutul bancilor desi esti "capitalist" convins spune multe despre verticalitatea ta ..... Mai vrei? Ca o iau iar de la inceput cu Vietnam, Coreeam Afganistan... Gulagul si Holocaustul! Sa nu te sperii daca auzi voci noaptea, sint "Stapinii" care iti trimit ordine! :) Dle DDR fa-ne un rezumat sau un desen ca aici nu se suporta copy&paste.... .si asa putem sa te injuram ca esti comunist! :)
- de to`arashul Matrics:mi-adusei aminte de "seful": Georgel Texanul, Vacarul Suprem: "Constitutia e o blestemata bucata de hirtie"! Skull & Bones inginerasule? Dau o bere cui imi spune cite turnuri au fost prabusite la 11 sept 2001 si cine a fost acuzat pentru asta!
- de Dan RO-tariu:Eu vreau sa stiu daca la sadismul american al FBI-ului a ajuns vreodata Securitatea. As vrea un singur mosier sau burghez caruia i s-a luat casa ca proprietate daca nu a avut acoperis deasupra capului sau nu a primit serviciu. Astia de la FBI in SUA provoaca frica ... americanilor in filme ... oare de ce? De buni ce sunt, de blanzi ... de curati! CIA se ocupa de americani in afarar tarii ... si au ucis destui. De Trotski ai auzit? Nu trosnea nimic ... ci doar l-au ucis si au pus crima in spinarea lui Stalin! Trotski a fost omorat tot in fieful SUA, asta e Securitatea extrena a SUA CIA-ul. Ba te lasa sa mori de foame ca nu te angajeaza nimeni ca vine FBI cu amenintarile la cei care ar vrea sa te angajeze. Asta nici macar nu le-a trecut prin cap comunistilor ... pai se compara ca nu te lasau sa faci facultate daca erai un opozant al regimului (real sau inchipuit) dar iti dadeau loc de munca comunistii? Cred ca in ultimele doua saptamani asta fin america mi-a dovedit atat de multa ignoranta incat sunt pe aproape sa-l declar IGNORANTUL de pe GdS. Ia mai trage mai ignorantule o poezie din alea de poti tu sa le faci ca doar acolo mai pot unii sa te aprecieze.
- de Terga Ista:Da' ce iti veni nene? Cine il apreciaza pe-asta? Poate aia pentru care "poezia" inseamna 2 versuri de genul:" Nu stie taranu' ce e ciocolata;/ mananca hartia si-arunca bucata./" Pai daca il mai gadili un pic, asta chiar incepe sa se creada mare poet! Poetu' lu' peste! Pai mai talentat era saracu' Ghita Mitrachita decat exponentul asta de vulgaritate incolmabila. In plus ala mai si picta...
- de to`arashul Matrics:Cocaine Import Agency? Pai la nivelul 96-2000 se facea vinovata de 4 MILIARDE usd in droguri importate anual in SUA! "Daca lumea ar afla vreodata ce am facut, ne-ar urmari pe strazi si near linsa"! Gheorghe Tufis 'Senior citat de Sarah McClendon in 1992. Mena ? Capitala drogurilor? Aia placa turnanta a drogurilor nu Romania! Iran Contra Affair? Fam Tufis cu miinile pina la umeri in droguri! JFK? Huey Long? Abraham Lincoln? Malcom X? M.L. King? Tot felul de cercetatori asasinati? am mai descoperit unul dupa ce v-a prezentat pe ala iranian cu 2 sapt. in urma! Ce sa mai zic de Marea Depresie... Bleah! Hai cu totii in USA pina nu prabusesc toate turnurile! Erau TREI, nu doua! ... ! Bleah! Noapte buna, miine platesc iar datorii internationale, bailouturi, Programul Rabla, Razboiul din Gaza, din Iraq..... si mai puneti si voi cite ceva!
- de ????:pentru nr.8 corect se traduce Pavel Corut codrut este un codru mai mic un fel de codrisor de mamaliga
